doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1662521 Received 09 July 2025 Revised 04 November 2025 Accepted 12 November 2025 Published 26 November 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Dieter Kabelitz, University of Kiel, Germany Reviewed by George Paltoglou, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Anita Vergatti, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Updates Copyright 2025 Li, Xu, Wang, Peng and Liu
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper peptide found in the human body that plays a critical role in: Collagen and elastin production Skin renewal and repair Wound healing and tissue regeneration As we age, natural GHK-Cu levels decline, which contributes to wrinkles, loss of firmness, slower healing, and skin damage
Strengthens immune system function Improves resistance to infections Reduces inflammation throughout the body Promotes immune balance and regulation Follistatin A growth factor regulator with strong anabolic and anti-aging effects
Its targeted mechanism makes it relevant in studies focused on weight management and metabolic health
GLP-1 receptor agonists are generally discontinued before planned conception according to labeling, and phentermine-topiramate has specific fetal toxicity risk because of topiramate-associated oral clefts
