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We did have some information on pack-years and, obviously the higher the pack-years, the greater the risk for lung cancer, whether there was vaping or not

However, that study included adults of any age, which includes many younger participants (less than age 40 years) who are at little risk of death from any causes for at least 20 years of follow-up

The exception was Southeast Pennsylvania, where tobacco remained an important crop well into the twenty-first century

However, most studies are of low quality according to the GRADE criteria, so the evidence should be considered weak, highlighting the need for the development of studies that provide more robust findings

14 Indoor air pollution such as that caused by the burning of coal or biomass for heating and cooking in poorly ventilated areas has been associated with an increased lung cancer risk