Tobacco carcinogen-metabolizing genes CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms and their interaction with tobacco exposure influence the risk of head and neck cancer in Northeast Indian population
Left untreated it can also lead to various oral health problems, including halitosis (bad breath), cavities, gingivitis (gum disease), and, in some cases, even speech changes and difficulties swallowing
It kills 480,000 people a year in the United States, accounting for nearly 1 out of every 5 deaths
Over the past three decades, national and international research has deemed cigarette smoking one of the top three leading risk factors for coronary heart disease (Roger et al., 2011)
Some individuals may use a pipe or hookah (waterpipe) to smoke loose tobacco 2