harmless electronic cigarette E-Cigs and Second-Hand Vaping: Dangers and Protections Electronic cigarette usage, health impacts,

Yoder KK, Nho K, Risacher SL, Kim S, Shen L, Saykin AJ (2013)

retsinformation.dk (in Danish)

Once the battery is depleted or the e-liquid is used up, the disposable vape pen is meant to be disposed of

Indirect biomarkers of exposure rely on measuring physiological indicators such as cytokine levels, chemokines, and oxidative stress markers, which may signal an immune or inflammatory response to MP presence [67] Although these methodologies offer promising directions, further research is required to validate their effectiveness, establish exposure thresholds, and standardize analytical procedures for consistent assessment across populations

Retrieved 2014-11-29