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10.1073/pnas.1316569111 Summary Keywords TMA, TMAU, TMAO, CVD, postbiotic, rare disease, tyndallized Citation Giannini G, Soldi S, Elli M, Sagheddu V, Castagnetti A, Viciani E, Salvini L, Battistuzzi G, Milazzo FM, Alibrandi S and Sidoti A (2025) A mixture of postbiotics/tyndallized probiotics reduces trimethylamine (TMA) in trimethylaminuria models: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies

A 2025 meta-analysis of 16 studies involving 6,098 participants found no statistically significant difference between intramuscular, oral, and sublingual B12 supplementation routes (p=0.270)

J Hypertens 2007

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